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class="sidebar-link">CSS</a></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>JavaScript</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>TypeScript</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>ES6</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Vue</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Vue3</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>React</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Webpack</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>Node.js</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>性能优化</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group collapsable depth-0"><p class="sidebar-heading"><span>手写代码</span> <span class="arrow right"></span></p> <!----></section></li></ul> </aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-default-content content__default"><h1 id="面试官-元素水平垂直居中的方法有哪些-如果元素不定宽高呢"><a href="#面试官-元素水平垂直居中的方法有哪些-如果元素不定宽高呢" class="header-anchor">#</a> 面试官：元素水平垂直居中的方法有哪些？如果元素不定宽高呢？</h1> <p><img src="https://static.vue-js.com/7b64c8d0-95f9-11eb-ab90-d9ae814b240d.png" alt=""></p> <h2 id="一、背景"><a href="#一、背景" class="header-anchor">#</a> 一、背景</h2> <p>在开发中经常遇到这个问题，即让某个元素的内容在水平和垂直方向上都居中，内容不仅限于文字，可能是图片或其他元素</p> <p>居中是一个非常基础但又是非常重要的应用场景，实现居中的方法存在很多，可以将这些方法分成两个大类：</p> <ul><li>居中元素（子元素）的宽高已知</li> <li>居中元素宽高未知</li></ul> <h2 id="二、实现方式"><a href="#二、实现方式" class="header-anchor">#</a> 二、实现方式</h2> <p>实现元素水平垂直居中的方式：</p> <ul><li><p>利用定位+margin:auto</p></li> <li><p>利用定位+margin:负值</p></li> <li><p>利用定位+transform</p></li> <li><p>table布局</p></li> <li><p>flex布局</p></li> <li><p>grid布局</p></li></ul> <h3 id="利用定位-margin-auto"><a href="#利用定位-margin-auto" class="header-anchor">#</a> 利用定位+margin:auto</h3> <p>先上代码：</p> <div class="language-html extra-class"><pre class="language-html"><code><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token style"><span class="token language-css">
    <span class="token selector">.father</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>500px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>300px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">border</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>1px solid #0a3b98<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> relative<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token selector">.son</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>40px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> #f0a238<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>0<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>0<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">right</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>0<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">bottom</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>0<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">margin</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>auto<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>father<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>son<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre></div><p>父级设置为相对定位，子级绝对定位 ，并且四个定位属性的值都设置了0，那么这时候如果子级没有设置宽高，则会被拉开到和父级一样宽高</p> <p>这里子元素设置了宽高，所以宽高会按照我们的设置来显示，但是实际上子级的虚拟占位已经撑满了整个父级，这时候再给它一个<code>margin：auto</code>它就可以上下左右都居中了</p> <h3 id="利用定位-margin-负值"><a href="#利用定位-margin-负值" class="header-anchor">#</a> 利用定位+margin:负值</h3> <p>绝大多数情况下，设置父元素为相对定位， 子元素移动自身50%实现水平垂直居中</p> <div class="language-html extra-class"><pre class="language-html"><code><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token style"><span class="token language-css">
    <span class="token selector">.father</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> relative<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> skyblue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token selector">.son</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">margin-left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>-50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">margin-top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>-50px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> red<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>father<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>son<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre></div><p>整个实现思路如下图所示：</p> <p><img src="https://static.vue-js.com/922dc300-95f9-11eb-ab90-d9ae814b240d.png" alt=""></p> <ul><li>初始位置为方块1的位置</li> <li>当设置left、top为50%的时候，内部子元素为方块2的位置</li> <li>设置margin为负数时，使内部子元素到方块3的位置，即中间位置</li></ul> <p>这种方案不要求父元素的高度，也就是即使父元素的高度变化了，仍然可以保持在父元素的垂直居中位置，水平方向上是一样的操作</p> <p>但是该方案需要知道子元素自身的宽高，但是我们可以通过下面<code>transform</code>属性进行移动</p> <h3 id="利用定位-transform"><a href="#利用定位-transform" class="header-anchor">#</a> 利用定位+transform</h3> <p>实现代码如下：</p> <div class="language-css extra-class"><pre class="language-css"><code><span class="token selector">&lt;style&gt;
    .father</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> relative<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> skyblue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token selector">.son</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">position</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> absolute<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">top</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">left</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 50%<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token property">transform</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token function">translate</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>-50%<span class="token punctuation">,</span>-50%<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> red<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;div class=<span class="token string">&quot;father&quot;</span>&gt;
    &lt;div class=<span class="token string">&quot;son&quot;</span>&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</code></pre></div><p><code>translate(-50%, -50%)</code>将会将元素位移自己宽度和高度的-50%</p> <p>这种方法其实和最上面被否定掉的margin负值用法一样，可以说是<code>margin</code>负值的替代方案，并不需要知道自身元素的宽高</p> <h3 id="table布局"><a href="#table布局" class="header-anchor">#</a> table布局</h3> <p>设置父元素为<code>display:table-cell</code>，子元素设置 <code>display: inline-block</code>。利用<code>vertical</code>和<code>text-align</code>可以让所有的行内块级元素水平垂直居中</p> <div class="language-html extra-class"><pre class="language-html"><code><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token style"><span class="token language-css">
    <span class="token selector">.father</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> table-cell<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> skyblue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">vertical-align</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> middle<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">text-align</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token selector">.son</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> inline-block<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> red<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>father<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>son<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="flex弹性布局"><a href="#flex弹性布局" class="header-anchor">#</a> flex弹性布局</h3> <p>还是看看实现的整体代码：</p> <div class="language-html extra-class"><pre class="language-html"><code><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token style"><span class="token language-css">
    <span class="token selector">.father</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> flex<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">justify-content</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">align-items</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> skyblue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token selector">.son</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 100px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> red<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>father<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>son<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre></div><p><code>css3</code>中了<code>flex</code>布局，可以非常简单实现垂直水平居中</p> <p>这里可以简单看看<code>flex</code>布局的关键属性作用：</p> <ul><li><p>display: flex时，表示该容器内部的元素将按照flex进行布局</p></li> <li><p>align-items: center表示这些元素将相对于本容器水平居中</p></li> <li><p>justify-content: center也是同样的道理垂直居中</p></li></ul> <h3 id="grid网格布局"><a href="#grid网格布局" class="header-anchor">#</a> grid网格布局</h3> <div class="language-html extra-class"><pre class="language-html"><code><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token style"><span class="token language-css">
    <span class="token selector">.father</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
            <span class="token property">display</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> grid<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">align-items</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">justify-content</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> center<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 200px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">background</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> skyblue<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token selector">.son</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
            <span class="token property">width</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 10px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">height</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 10px<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token property">border</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 1px solid red
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>style</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>father<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
    <span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;</span>div</span> <span class="token attr-name">class</span><span class="token attr-value"><span class="token punctuation attr-equals">=</span><span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span>son<span class="token punctuation">&quot;</span></span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span><span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
<span class="token tag"><span class="token tag"><span class="token punctuation">&lt;/</span>div</span><span class="token punctuation">&gt;</span></span>
</code></pre></div><p>这里看到，<code>gird</code>网格布局和<code>flex</code>弹性布局都简单粗暴</p> <h3 id="小结"><a href="#小结" class="header-anchor">#</a> 小结</h3> <p>上述方法中，不知道元素宽高大小仍能实现水平垂直居中的方法有：</p> <ul><li><p>利用定位+margin:auto</p></li> <li><p>利用定位+transform</p></li> <li><p>利用定位+margin:负值</p></li> <li><p>flex布局</p></li> <li><p>grid布局</p></li></ul> <h2 id="三、总结"><a href="#三、总结" class="header-anchor">#</a> 三、总结</h2> <p>根据元素标签的性质，可以分为：</p> <ul><li>内联元素居中布局</li> <li>块级元素居中布局</li></ul> <h3 id="内联元素居中布局"><a href="#内联元素居中布局" class="header-anchor">#</a> 内联元素居中布局</h3> <p>水平居中</p> <ul><li>行内元素可设置：text-align: center</li> <li>flex布局设置父元素：display: flex; justify-content: center</li></ul> <p>垂直居中</p> <ul><li>单行文本父元素确认高度：height === line-height</li> <li>多行文本父元素确认高度：disaply: table-cell; vertical-align: middle</li></ul> <h3 id="块级元素居中布局"><a href="#块级元素居中布局" class="header-anchor">#</a> 块级元素居中布局</h3> <p>水平居中</p> <ul><li>定宽: margin: 0 auto</li> <li>绝对定位+left:50%+margin:负自身一半</li></ul> <p>垂直居中</p> <ul><li>position: absolute设置left、top、margin-left、margin-top(定高)</li> <li>display: table-cell</li> <li>transform: translate(x, y)</li> <li>flex(不定高，不定宽)</li> <li>grid(不定高，不定宽)，兼容性相对比较差</li></ul> <h2 id="参考文献"><a href="#参考文献" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参考文献</h2> <ul><li>https://juejin.cn/post/6844903982960214029#heading-10</li></ul></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">更新时间:</span> <span class="time">12/14/2021, 10:12:35 AM</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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